MIRCE Akademy

MIRCE Science: Clear Air Turbulence as a Mechanism of the Motion of Aircraft through MIRCE Space

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, United Kingdom

MIRCE Science is a theory of the motion of a working system through working process, resulting from any imposing natural and human action whatsoever. Clear air turbulence is a unique natural action that occurs when turbulent masses of air moving at different speeds collide without visual clues, often blindsiding pilots as result. This form of turbulence could be dangerous for passengers and crew who are moving around the cabin when it occurs or sitting without their seatbelts fastened. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to understand the physical mechanisms that generate the occurrences of clear air turbulence and assesses their impacts the motion of an aircraft through MIRCE Space. The available methods for dealing with this imposing functionability action in respect to the provision of safety and protection are also addressed in the paper. To read the paper MSA-2024-12-09

MIRCE Science: Functionability Management of Autonomously Working Systems on Earth Affected by Impacts of Severe Space Weather on Orbiting Satellites

 Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, United Kingdom

 Harmful impacts of severe space weather on a large number of modern technological systems like: power networks, aviation, satellite services, radio communication and pipelines; have been observed and documented in the literature. Hence, the author concluded that space weather must have a similar impact on the digital technologies that will be used to provide the autonomy to the autonomously working systems in the future, like cars, trains, ships, drones and so forth. Thus, this paper briefly examined the space weather phenomena that could affect functionability of autonomously working systems by impacting provision of data provided by sensors contained in Earth orbiting satellites. Thus, MIRCE Science based philosophy made the author to  conclude that functionability management of autonomously working systems in the future should focus on the protection of the sensors located in orbiting satellites from the exposure to continuously generating space weather in the Sun, by accurately monitoring their trajectories. Hence, when the damaging impact of severe space weather is predicted, the targeting satellite(s) should be temporarily moved to different orbital positions. This new type of functionability management is the only feasible solution for the provision of continuous operation of autonomously working systems of the Earth, as the physical execution of any maintenance tasks on sensors damaged by the impact of the  space weather, within satellites, is impossible. To read the paper click here MSA2024-10-19

Remote Sensing of Natural and Man-made Disasters

Lazar Jeftic, Jezdimir Knezevic, Nevena Jeftic
Space Debris Research Lab, MIRCE Akademy,
Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, United Kingdom

The main objective of this paper is to draw attention on the importance of remote sensing of the small natural and man-made disasters by analysing and recording them, as they posed a risk to human well-being and the environment. Examples presented include oil spills, dam failure, ship disaster, wildfires, hailstorm and flooding. They took place between 2016 and 2022. Small disaster events are of special interest to be addressed, because if their consequences are forgotten and over passed the greater damage to people and the environment could be experienced when the next disaster happens. Many of the small disaster events impoverish the people and households through space and time making them more vulnerable to the upcoming future hazards. Full paper

MIRCE Science: Lightning as an Imposing Functionability Action

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic

MIRCE Science is a theory of the motion of working systems through Mirce Space compelled by imposing functionability actions, which is used for predicting expected functionability performance for a working system type.

For accurate predictions to be made it is essential a scientific understanding of the mechanisms that govern imposing functionability actions, the occurrences of negative functionability events before engineering, technological, business and economical decisions are made. Lightning strikes are not uncommon physical mechanisms that completed the motion of working systems through Mirce Space. For example, airliners in the worldwide fleet average at least one strike per year. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to understand physical mechanisms that generate the occurrences of lightening events and assesses their impacts on the work done by working systems in general and an aircraft in particular. The available methods for dealing with them in respect to the provision of safety by detection, protection and design are also addressed in the paper. Full paper

MIRCE Science: Shark Bite as a Mechanism of Motion of Submarine Cables through MIRCE Space

J. Knezevic

Sharks represent a serious, but still not fully understood, threat to modern communication systems connected through submarine cables. While the vast majority of sharks do not cause any damage to cables, some shark bites have led to serious consequences to submarine cables used for the worldwide internet connection, generating high repair costs and long outages. Thus, this paper addresses shark bites from the MIRCE Science point of view, which means that it is considered as a mechanism that generates a negative functionability event that causes the motion of a system from a positive to negative functionability state. Therefore, this paper briefly examines the shark species to understand the capabilities and strength of shark bites as mechanisms that could generate undesirable negative consequences the in-service life of affected working systems. The method for predicting impacts of potential protective actions taken by design and operational decisions on in-service reliability, cost and effectiveness of submarine cables can be calculated by making use of MIRCE Functionability Equation are presented in the paper.
MSA2024-6-6

Space Weather as a Mechanism of Motion of Autonomous Trains in MIRCE Science

 Jezdimir Knezevic

The main objective of this paper is to draw attention to the scientific approach to reliability and safety of autonomous trains, promoted by MIRCE Science, as guidance for the design engineers and operational managers of the future driverless rail transportation systems. Hence, scientific understandings of the mechanisms that cause undesirable events during their operation by surrounding natural environment are required. This paper focuses on already experienced negative impacts of space weather on reliability and safety of technological systems like power networks, aviation, ships, pipelines, digital control systems and similar. The events presented in this paper should be served as the lessons learned that must be considered during the development of the operational concepts of the future autonomous trains and technologies used. Then and only then, accurate and meaningful reliability and safety actions could be taken by design engineers and operational managers that should be able to deal with potentially harmful consequences of the space weather on the working effectiveness of autonomous trains. MSA2024-5-14

Pre-Determined Debris Avoidance Maneuvers (PDAMs) as Mechanism of Motion of International Space Station through MIRCE Space

Lazar Jeftic, Jezdimir Knezevic, Space Debris Research Lab - MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK

MIRCE Science is a theory of the motion of working system through MIRCE Space caused by any action whatsoever. The International Space Station is orbiting the Earth since 1998. At its orbit of 400 km there is huge concentration of orbital debris resulting from accidents, failures or, in some cases, deliberate destruction of human sent spacecraft. Due to their speed the debris present a serious treat to the safety of the station and its crew. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to present the accurate available record of the pre-determined debris avoidance maneuvers taken by the International Space Station thus far, through the perspective of MIRCE Science. The information regarding 24 functionability actions have been identified and presented in paper of out 38 recorded. Identifications of the tractable orbital debris that constituted negative functionability actions threatening the safety of ISS are cited. The cost of the resources used for the execution of avoiding functionability actions has been presented together with the estimated costs of the fuel consumed. Finally, this paper clearly confirms the fourth axiom of MIRCE Science that states “The probability that a functionable (working) system type will move to a negative functionability state at any instant of time is greater than zero”, regarding possible collisions of ISS with orbiting orbital debris. To read please click here.

Group Replacement as Management Action in MIRCE Science

Dr J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, U.K.

The philosophy of MIRCE Science is based on the premise that the purpose of the existence of any working system is to do work. The work is considered to be done when the expected measurable function is performed through time. However, it is commonly accepted that all working systems require some sort of maintenance during their lives. It is also commonly accepted that while required maintenance tasks are performed working systems are not doing any work. Thus, the amount of work lost due to maintenance is directly proportional to the duration of the maintenance tasks and frequencies of their demands. It is also commonly accepted that the amount of work lost has monetary, reputational or social consequences. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to show how group replacement could be used as a proactive management action for increasing work done in respect to individual replacements. According to this management action the failure of any one item, from the designated group, initiates the replacement of all the items from the group, in aid of reducing the number of maintenance tasks required and thus increasing the work done. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the practical application of MIRCE Science for the quantitative assessment of the impact of the group replacement on work done and resources committed by applying this management action. https://doi.org/10.12709/mest.12.12.01.06  or  https://www.meste.org/ojs/index.php/mest/article/view/1371

Orbital Launch Anomalies as a Mechanisms of Motion of Space Rockets through MIRCE Space

Dr J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK

The main objective of this paper is to briefly describe several orbital launches where space rockets of different types have either never made it to space or failed to deploy their payloads once they got there. The common denominator for a failure of each space rocket type, according to publicly available information provided by their management and sponsoring teams, was a launch anomaly. Based on the extremely short duration of all missions considered, the most probable mechanisms that caused orbital launch anomalies, in accordance to the MIRCE Science theory, have been induced into rockets by human actions during: design, production, assembly, transportation or launch processes. As the anomalies occurred on space rockets that are designed, produced and launched by different companies, located on different continents, it could be concluded that human errors are a generic phenomenon of the human race. The orbital launch anomalies observed in this paper are in agreement with the 5th Axiom of MIRCE Science that states, “Probability of human error in execution of any task is greater than zero”.

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.51520/2766-7782-7

Space weather as a mechanism of motion of autonomous ships in MIRCE Science

J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK

Space weather has impacted reliability and safety of a large number of modern technological systems, like power networks, aviation, satellite services, radio communication and pipelines, as documented in the paper. Hence, the lessons learned led the author to conclude that space weather could have a similar impact on the technology that will be used to provide the autonomy to ships of the future. Consequently, this paper briefly examined the space weather phenomena that could generate undesirable consequences on the in-service life of autonomous vessels as guidance to their future designers and operators. Then and only then, accurate and meaningful reliability and safety predictions could be possible, enabling the achievement of the ultimate goal of increasing the probability of the prevention and protection of occurrence of undesirable events gener-ated by naturally occurring space weather phenomena.

Vol.:(0123456789)1 3Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering https://doi.org/10.1007/s41872-023-00232-8ORIGINAL RESEARCH 

Accumulation of Martian Dust as a Mechanism of a Motion of NASA’s InSight Spacecraft in MIRCE Science

Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, United Kingdom 

The main objective of this paper is to address the accumulation of Martian dust as a mechanism of the motion of NASA’s InSight spacecraft in MIRCE Science, during its four-year mission on the Red Planet. It is a planet with the largest dust storms in the Solar System, which can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. Frequent Martian storms blanketed the solar panels of the lander with dust, blocking much of the sunlight it needs to charge its batteries. The paper starts with the analyses of the design team’s decisions not to have any cleaning devices on the solar panels to reduce the launch weight and finishes with the operational challenges that faced the management team in attempts to clean the solar panels during the last days of its in-service life. As human ambitions for exploring surrounding space are endless, the lesson learned from the InSight’s successful mission on the planet Mars is that it is necessary to establish the balance between a spacecraft launching functionality on the Earth and spacecraft mission functionability in the Solar System. MIRCE Science is a theory developed to predict the motion of an in-service system through MIRCE Space, and determine the actions and resources required for doing expected work in existing environment.   Link to the paper published by EJTAS (2023): https://ejtas.com/index.php/journal/article/view/293

MIRCE SCIENCE: MANAGEMENT OF FUNCTIONABILITY EVENTS FOR THE PROVISION OF THE EXPECTED WORK

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK

The main objective of this paper is to introduce the management community to the body of knowledge contained in MIRCE Science for the innovative approach to the management of functionability events for the provision of expected work. Thus, management manages the consequences of the complex interactions between potential occurrences of negative functionability events and positive functionability actions taken on the expected work to be done by a given functionable system. This work can be quantified by making the use of MIRCE Functionability Equation. Hence, in the future managers will be able to perform quantitative trade-off between feasible management options to determine one that would yield the greatest benefit measured through the expected work done in respect to the resources consumed. To illustrate the advantages of applying MIRCE Science to the management of negative functionability events a numerical example is provided, where several feasible management options are considered and their consequences of expected work done quantified.

doi:10.12709/mest.10.10.02.11

Space Hurricane as a Mechanism of a Motion of a Spacecraft Through MIRCE Space

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, EX5 1JJ. UK

Unlike Earth’s weather, which is manifested through physical phenomena like wind, snow and rain, space weather is manifested through physical phenomena like evolving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and particle flows in space. Both types of weather have impact on the motion of functionable systems through MIRCE Space and their functionability performances. Terrestrial impacts of these meteorological phenomena are reasonably well understood and included in operational analysis of functionable systems. The effects of space weather are observed in the interruption or degradation of functionality and performance of space related systems during their in-service lives. The main objective of this paper is to draw attention to the recently discovered phenomenon of a space that was named as “space hurricane” and to analyse its impact on the motion of a spacecraft through MIRCE Space. Potential impacts of this new cosmic phenomenon on the motion of functionable systems through MIRCE Space and the consequences on functionability performances are examined and presented in this paper.

MIRCE Science Approach to Maintenance of Microbial Contamination of Fuel Tanks in COVID-19 Grounded Aircraft

Dr J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, UK

Microbial contamination of aviation fuel tanks is a known physical phenomena to airlines that are dealing with it in accordance to manufacturer guidelines. However, as the disastrous COVID-19 pandemic has left aircraft grounded and scattered across airfields around the world there is a danger that contaminated fuel could cause undesirable consequences to a fuel system like:clogging of fuel filters, corroding tanks, performance degrading combustion quality, as well as damaging the rubber components specific to the fuel tank, thus impacting the functionability performance of an aircraft. A full understanding of these mechanisms is essential for the determination of the most effective maintenance policy for testing the fuel of grounded aircraft. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to address microbial contamination of fuel tanks in COVID-19 grounded aircraft as a potential mechanism of the motion of an aircraft through MIRCE Space. Recommendations for the fuel contamination testing maintenance programme are presented in the paper, which should assist airlines to ensure that fuel systems of over 20,000 temporarily grounded aircraft are safe when the time comes for them to resume operations.

Cannibalisation as a functionability action of MIRCE Science

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, UK

The main objective of this paper is to examine the cannibalisation process, removing a required component from a designated system and installing it on the unserviceable system, as a functionability action of MIRCE Science. It impacts the work done of a functionable system and resources consumed during a given interval of calendar time. Although the cannibalisation process improves profitability or readiness of functionable systems, it can also lead to increased costs and disruption by diverting resources from other activities and create additional technical and financial risks. Thus, cannibalisation is one of the drivers of profitability that could be predicted by applying MIRCE Profitability Equation, which considers the whole organisation as a single analytical scheme. It is a huge improvement in respect to current practices where the whole business process is partitioned into a large number of self standing models that address a few influential parameters at a time. Example of cannibalisation in Royal Navy is given in the paper.

Microbial Decontamination of Fuel Tanks as a Mechanism of the Motion of an Aircraft through MIRCE Space 

Dr J. Knezevic., MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, UK

The paper addresses the microbial decontamination of fuel tanks as a physical mechanism of the motion of an aircraft through MIRCE Space, in accordance to MIRCE Science . In cases where microbiological contamination is detected and decontamination needs to be done with biocides, up-to-date instructions in the Aircraft Maintenance Manuals should be followed to ensure that the correct method and dosage is applied. Although in-service problems with this maintenance task are not frequent, the consequences of its incorrect execution could lead to the occurrence of “a serious incident”. The case study analysed in this paper is related to the event of this type that took place at London Gatwick Airport on 26 February 2020. A full understanding of the sequence of actions that led to the occurrence of this negative functionability event is essential for drawing recommendations for the reduction of the probability of human errors during the microbial decontamination process of fuel tanks of an aircraft, some on which are presented in this paper. 

Microbial Contamination of Fuel Tanks as a Mechanism of the Motion of an Aircraft through MIRCE Space

Dr J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, UK

The paper addresses the microbial contamination of fuel tanks as a physical mechanism of the motion of an aircraft through MIRCE Space. [1] Although this phenomena is not frequently manifested its occurrences could cause undesirable consequences like: clogging of fuel filters, corroding tanks and performance degrading build up of deposits caused by the acids the microbes excrete which cause the fuel to break apart and lose combustion quality, as well as damaging the rubber system components specific to the fuel tank, impacting the functionability performance of an aircraft. A full understanding of this mechanism is essential for the accurate predictions of the functionability performance of a functionable system using MIRCE Functionability Equation. Thus, this paper focuses on the observed physical phenomena or human activities related to the microbial contamination in the aviation industry and some of them are briefly described and analysed in the paper.  Based on the evidence available recommendations for the reduction of the probability of occurrence of microbial contamination of fuel tanks are presented.

Reliability + Maintenance = Work Done 

Dr J. Knezevic,  MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK

The main objective of any business is to stay in business. The best way to achieve that is to increase the revenue generating work done by an asset, while reducing the resources consumed for it. One way towards that target is to improve the reliability of the asset by using appropriate engineering and production methods. Another way is to reduce the time asset spends in maintenance by applying appropriate condition monitoring and management technologies. Hence, the work done by an asset is driven by the combined impact of inherent reliability and maintenance policies chosen. Although, reliability and maintenance are well-recognised disciplines in their own rights, there is no a body of knowledge for predicting their combined impact on the work done and resources consumed, in a quantitative and comparative manner.  The main objective of this presentation is to introduce reliability and maintenance professionals to MIRCE Science, a body of knowledge that enables quantitative prediction of the complex interactions between reliability and maintenance issues on the work done by an asset and resources required. Hence, by making use of MIRCE Functionability Equation it is possible to perform quantitative trade-off between feasible reliability and maintenance options to select the compromising solution that would yield greatest benefit measured through the work done.  A numerical example, where the trade off between reliability improvements by increasing the expected time to failure by 50% or decreasing maintenance time by 50%, is provided to illustrate the applicability of MIRCE Science to assets management process.

Emergency Oxygen Provision as a Mechanism of the Motion of an Aircraft through MIRCE Space 

Dr J. Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, UK

The paper addresses the provisioning of emergency oxygen as a physical mechanism of the motion of an aircraft through MIRCE Space. [1] Although the malfunctioning of this process is not frequently observed event, their occurrences could cause significant consequences to airline and flying pubic, impacting the functionability performance of commercial aircraft in the air and on the ground [2]. A full understanding of the mechanisms of these actions is essential for the accurate predictions of the functionability performance of functionable system using MIRCE Functionability Equation. Thus, this paper focuses on the observed physical phenomena or human activities related to the aviation industry and some of them are briefly described and analysed in the paper.  Based on the evidence available recommendations for the reduction of the probability of occurrence of negative functionability events of the emergency oxygen provision are presented. 

MIRCE Science Question: Digital or Analogue Visual Displays of Dynamic Information for Humans?

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, MIRCE Akademy, Exeter, UK

Visual Displays of Dynamic Information (VDDI) represent the interface that machines use to communicate their dynamic functionability state to humans. This paper tries to address the question of the selection between the two main types of VDDI available, digital or analogue, and identify what are some of the most important factors that may affect this selection. In that aid the paper briefly covers how the displays and VDDI are classified, their uses and objectives, the factors that could affect the selection process and finally a comparison between digital and analogue VDDI. The quantitative assessment of the impact of VDDI on the human elements of functionable systems could be determined by making use of MIRCE Functionability Equation. It enables to predict the impact of each feasible options of VDDI on the expected work to be delivered by the system. 

Troubleshooting as a Mechanism of Motion of Functionable System through MIRCE Functionability Filed

Dr Jezdimir Knezevic, The MIRCE Akademy, Woodbury Park, Exeter, EX5 1JJ, UK

The purpose of a paper is to address the troubleshooting, an activity performed by maintainers to identify failed component or module, as a mechanism of the motion of a functionable system through the MIRCE Functionability Field. For effective maintenance troubleshooting, as one of the main drivers of the “speed” of moving through negative functionability state, is essential element of any corrective maintenance task. To successfully perform troubleshooting tasks maintainers must possess both the knowledge and skills to find and fix problems efficiently.  Many years of research have demonstrated that it is much easier to and learn manual skills than troubleshooting skills. The paper clearly demonstrates that troubleshooting is a complex subject as it is driven by both sides of equation, namely system designers that conceive troubleshooting processes and maintenance managers that manage them during the in-service life of functionable systems.

>>>>>>>>>>> Archived Research Papers  <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

• Impact of High Altitude Ultraviolet Radiation on Functionability of Flight Crews,  (read more)
• Fireless, Burning Smell Driven, Mayday Landings of Commercial Aircraft as a Mechanisms of Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• Emergency Oxygen Provision as a Mechanism of the Motion of an Aircraft Through MIRCE Functionability Field  (read more)
• Glare as a Mechanism of the Motion of an Aircraft through the MIRCE Functionability Field (read more)
• Pitot Tube Blockage by Mud-dauber Wasp as a Mechanismof a Motion of an Aircraft through MIRCE Functionability Field (read more)
• Ice Crystal Icing as a Mechanism of Motion of Aircraft through MIRCE Functionability Field (read more)
• How Reliable is Reliability Function? (read more)
• MIRCE Science Based Operational Risk Assessment (read more)
• Fuel Tank Explosion as a Mechanism of Motion of an Aircraft through MIRCE Functionability Field (read more)
• Precision Alignment as a Mechanism of the Motion of Rotating Machines through MIRCE Functionability Field
• Vibration Measuring as a Mechanism of Managing the Motion of a Gearbox through MIRCE Functionability Field
• Lightning Strike as a Mechanism of a Motion of an Aircraft through MIRCE Functionability Field (read more)
• Post-Maintenance Flight Test as a Mechanism of Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• Minimum Equipment List as a Mechanism of Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• MIRCE Mechanics Approach to the Analysis of the Cosmic  Radiation Impact on Aviation Reliability(read more)
• Physical Reality of MIRCE Mechanics- Part 3: Human World (read more)
• Physical Reality of MIRCE Mechanics- Part 2: Natural World (read more)
• Physical Reality of MIRCE Mechanics- Part 1: Atomic World (read more)
• MIRCE Profitability Equation (read more)
• Increasing Profitability and Reliability Through Failure Management (read more)
• Determination of Operations Down Time for Group Replacement Policy(read more)
• Maintainability Design Principles for Aircraft Maintenance Error Avoidance (ream more)
• Volcanic Ash as a Mechanism of a Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
  
• Troubleshooting as a Mechanism of Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• Determination of Operations Down Time for Group Replacement Maintenance Policy (read more)
• Aerotoxic Syndrome as a Mirce Mechanics Phenomenon (read more)
• Aircraft Air-intake Icing on the Ground as a Mechanism of the Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• MIRCE Mechanics Analysis of Functionability of  NASA-contracted Commercial Resupply Services (read more)
• Aircraft Ground Icing and De-icing Processes as Mechanisms of the Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• Sea Salt Accretion of a Front Windscreen of ATR 72 as Mechanics of Motion trough MIRCE Functionability Field (read more)
• MIRCE Maintainability Equation (read more)
• MIRCE Supportability Equation (read more)
• Mathematical Principles of MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• MIRCE Mechanics Philosophy (read more)
• Space Weather as a Mechanism of the Motion in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• MIRCE Mechanics Analysis of the Flight 1549 (read more)
• Bird Strike as a Mechanism of the Motion in Mirce Mechanics (read more)
• Design Impact on Human Error in Maintenance
• Imperfect Troubleshooting in Commercial Aviation (read more)
• Cosmic Radiation as a Mechanism of the Motion  in MIRCE Mechanics (read more)
• Quality of Maintenance; MIRCE Science Axiom 5 (read more)
• Atoms and Molecules in MIRCE Mechanics Approach to Functionability (read more)
• Scientific Scale of Reliability